Irmela HERZOG (The Rhineland Commission for Archaeological Monuments and Sites, Bonn, Germany) Keywords: Historical maps, Lidar data, least-cost analysis Abstract: The aim of this contribution is on the one hand to map pre-industrial long distance roads in the study area covering part of the Bergisches Land, Germany, as exactly as possible and on the other hand to assess the accuracy of least-cost approaches that are increasingly applied by archaeologists for prehistoric road reconstruction. The earliest maps covering the study area east of Cologne date back to 1575, 1607, and 1715. These maps are distorted so that rectification is difficult. But it is possible to assess the local accuracy of these maps and to transfer the approximate routes to a GIS. Afterwards road sections coinciding on several historical maps are identified. This historical data is supplemented by the ancient trade route descriptions published by Nicke (2001) who walked in the region and recorded remains of the old roads discussed mainly in local literature. Based on these route reconstructions with limited accuracy, Lidar data is checked to identify remains of these routes. This enables us to map some route sections at high accuracy. The most probable routes resulting from this analysis are compared to the outcomes of least-cost approaches like least-cost-paths and accessibility maps. In regions where the least-cost results coincide with several of the high accuracy road sections, these approaches can also be used to predict missing links. For areas of less convincing least-cost results, the limitations of the methodology are analysed. Relevance conference | Relevance round table: The contribution presents a combined analysis of historical and archaeological data applying several GIS approaches. Innovation: A methodology combining historical and archaeological data is presented allowing to map pre-industrial long distance roads as exactly as possible. References: HERZOG, I. (2013): Calculating accessibility. In: Earl/Sly/Chrysanthi/Murrieta-Flores/Papadopoulos/Romanowska/Wheatley (eds.): Archaeology in the Digital Era, Volume II. Proceedings of the 40th Annual CAA Conference, 720-734. NICKE, H. (2001): Vergessene Wege. Das historische Fernwegenetz zwischen Rhein, Weser, Hellweg und Westerwald, seine Schutzanlagen und Knotenpunkte....

Ralf HESSE (State Office for Cultural Heritage, Esslingen am Neckar, Germany) Keywords: historical map, ALS, lidar Abstract: Historical maps are very valuable sources of information for understanding the past and for locating possible archaeological sites. However, due to various inaccuracies of such maps, many features shown on them can be difficult to locate. For example, many 18th century maps are based on a mix of survey methods (e.g. triangulation of important landmarks and less important places filled in based on walking distances or estimation) with very different error margins (from tens of metres to several kilometres). Standard methods for georeferencing therefore often result in maps which are severely distorted or in which only the well-surveyed points (usually those considered important at the time) are shown in the correct location. Features like roads, stream channels or artificial ponds (including commonly associated features such as bridges, gallows or mills) which are often depicted on historical maps can be very important from an archaeological point of view. However, their exact location may have been unimportant (or unknown) to the creator of the map. Interpretation of ALS (airborne lidar) visualisations can in many cases provide the necessary information to locate such features shown on historical maps. On the other hand, historical maps can support the interpretation of ALS visualisations. In many cases (and in particular for maps predating the 19th century), time and effort for a combined interpretation of historical maps and ALS visualisations are high. Relevance conference | Relevance round table: This paper relates to the theme of the conference by looking at both historical and new data (maps and ALS) in the context of the interconnections between...

Jaap Evert ABRAHAMSE | Rowin VAN LANEN | Menne KOSIAN (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherland, Amersfoort, The Netherlands) Keywords: urbanization patterns, data integration, GIS, multi-proxy approach, archaeology and urban history Abstract: As a result of the Atlas of the Dutch Urban Landscape research project, the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (published 2016) has created an overview of European urbanization from the Roman period up to the present in a series of digital GIS-based maps. These maps represent a combination of archaeological, spatial, landscape, demographic and historical data. On these maps we can clearly see the shifting of economic centres under the influence of changing infrastructures, the rise and fall of nations and empires, industrialization, and many other factors. The maps represent the periods around AD 200, 1000, 1300, 1500, 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2000. These time slices represent a subsequence of periods in urban history. In this chronological sequence there is a single striking gap between AD200 and 1000. In between these two periods, we have seen the ascent and disappearance of a special category of towns: the emporia of early medieval Europe. In this paper we would like to propose a methodological framework for a comparative, synthesizing approach of urban development from the Roman era to the High Middle Ages, with the Netherlands as a case study. Will it be possible to outline and explain the fundamental shifts from the urban-oriented Roman empire, to the dynamism of the early medieval emporia, to eventually the pattern of towns that emerged in the Middle Ages and which continued into the early-modern period? What data are available and how can we integrate them into a comprehensive model? Relevance conference | Relevance Round Table: This paper deals with the integration of digital and analogue data into a comprehensive model, aiming at creating an overview of urban development in the period AD200-1200. Innovation: An overview like this has not been made before. References: RUTTE, Reinout / ABRAHAMSE, Jaap Evert (eds.) (2016): Atlas of the Dutch urban landscape. A millennium of spatial development, Bussum (Thoth Publishers) 2016. VAN LANEN, R.J. et al. (in review): ‘Route persistence. Modelling and quantifying historical route-network stability...

Felix SCHÄFER | Maurice HEINRICH (IANUS c/o Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany) Keywords: data archive, infrastructure, buisiness model, stakeholder analysis, archaeological data Abstract: The research data centre IANUS is currently on its way to being a national data repository for archaeology and ancient studies in Germany. Up to now it is still a project with a second 3-year funding but we strive to become a permanent infrastructure with reliable services. From this perspective we can contribute to the round table discussion with insights about the current situation of IANUS, about its strategies and about its experiences so far. We can offer some answers to the questions described: what are our stakeholders, how is IANUS organized, how is the disciplinary community in Germany involved, what governing bodies exist and are planned, what is the financial concept, who could be institutional partners to ensure a long-term funding, what legal issues are to be addressed, how important is public relations work? The answers we can give are very much still work-in-progress but might be helpful for other projects and actors. We can also add our observation on the current developments in Germany where many institutional or regional data centres evolve, some disciplinary digital infrastructures already exist and many initiatives in-between these positions are coming (and going). Moreover, we can bring in and discuss two results from our first project phase: a stakeholder analysis about data handling in archaeology and ancient studies in Germany and a small evaluation of 20 different data collections from various authors which highlights the heterogeneity in data organization and diversity of data formats in archaeological projects. Relevance conference | Relevance round table: The preservation and re-use of archaeological research data is the main service of IANUS as a national repository in Germany for archaeology and ancient studies. Innovation: IANUS is one of the first discipline specific archival infrastructures being built up in Germany in the field of the humanities. References: http://www.ianus-fdz.de HEINRICH, M. / SCHÄFER, F. (2014): IANUS. Archivierung von digitalen Forschungsdaten in den Altertumswissenschaften, in: J. Filthaut (Hrsg.), Von der Übernahme zur Benutzung. Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der digitalen Archivierung, 18. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Archivierung von Unterlagen aus...

Reiner GÖLDNER (Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, Dresden, Germany) Keywords: long term preservation, archiving, archaeological data Abstract: Archiving (in English better: preservation) means to permanently preserve content and functionality of digital data and provide access to it. OAIS defines six complex functions to be performed, e.g. data management and preservation planning. So, archiving is the most intensive and most expensive way to store data. But aren’t there any alternatives? Based on intensive discussions in a in a working group of the Association of State Archaeologists in Germany (Verband der Landesarchaeologen in Deutschland – VLA) and on first lessons learned while operating a digital archive the presentation will address some small steps leading towards a proper archiving without using large budgets. The first step is to hold somebody responsible for Preservation of digital data. This person has to acquire competencies in the fields of archiving, information technologies and cultural resource management (may be archaeology). He/she would benefit from some clear archiving objectives and requirements. Next steps may be to think about the security of the existing data, to index the existing data with metadata and to reduce the amount of data formats to a small set of well suited archiving formats. Going such steps will help to reduce the risk of losing important digital information. Going these steps will also bridge the gap until proper preservation tools are available at a reasonable price. Relevance conference | Relevance session: The presentation matches the conference theme in the field of archaeological data that has to be preserved sometimes without large budgets. Innovation: Up to now digital preservation is a story for the rich. Almost all success stories tell us of large systems. So it is very interesting to create some bottom up ideas. References: GÖLDNER et al.: Ratgeber zur Archivierung digitaler Daten (http://www.landesarchaeologen.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Dokumente_Kommissionen/Dokumente_Archaeologie-Informationssysteme/Dokumente_AIS_Archivierung/Ratgeber_Archivierung_V1.0.pdf) BIBBY, D. / GÖLDNER, R.: Authenticity and Functionality at Digital Archaeological Data...